Authors
Heidi Lam, University of British Columbia
DOI Bookmark: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TVCG.2008.109
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Running Time: 22 min
Abstract
Interaction cost is an important but poorly understood factor in visualization design. We propose a framework of interaction costs inspired by Norman’s Seven Stages of Action to facilitate study. From 484 papers, we collected 61 interaction-related usability problems reported in 32 user studies and placed them into our framework of seven costs: (1) Decision costs to form goals; (2) System-power costs to form system operations; (3) Multiple input mode costs to form physical sequences; (4) Physical-motion costs to execute sequences; (5) Visual-cluttering costs to perceive state; (6) View-change costs to interpret perception; (7) State-change costs to evaluate interpretation. We also suggested ways to narrow the gulfs of execution (2–4) and evaluation (5–7) based on collected reports. Our framework suggests a need to consider decision costs (1) as the gulf of goal formation.
Citation
Heidi Lam, “A Framework of Interaction Costs in Information Visualization,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1149-1156, Nov/Dec, 2008